CI: Add support for Ubuntu 24.04 Docker and DEB builds

[tuhaihe]

This commit introduces comprehensive support for Ubuntu 24.04 (Noble Numbat) across build environments and packaging metadata.

Key changes and package updates for Ubuntu 24.04:

• Compiler Upgrade: Migrated from GCC/G++ 11 to GCC/G++ 13 to align with Noble's default toolchain.
• Python 3.12 Migration: Updated system Python to 3.12. Removed python3-distutils as it has been deprecated and removed from Ubuntu 24.04 repositories (PEP 632).
• t64 Transition: Updated DEB runtime dependencies to include the 't64' suffix (e.g., libssl3t64, libapr1t64, libcurl4t64) to comply with Noble's mandatory 64-bit time_t ABI transition.
• libcgroup Update: Switched from libcgroup1 to libcgroup2 to match the updated library names in Ubuntu 24.04.
• PIP Compliance: Added --break-system-packages flag for PIP installations within the Dockerfile to satisfy PEP 668 requirements.

Fixes #ISSUE_Number

What does this PR do?

Type of Change

• Bug fix (non-breaking change)
• New feature (non-breaking change)
• Breaking change (fix or feature with breaking changes)
• Documentation update

Breaking Changes

Test Plan

• Unit tests added/updated
• Integration tests added/updated
• Passed make installcheck
• Passed make -C src/test installcheck-cbdb-parallel

Impact

Performance:

User-facing changes:

Dependencies:

Checklist

• Followed contribution guide
• Added/updated documentation
• Reviewed code for security implications
• Requested review from cloudberry committers

Additional Context

CI Skip Instructions

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[leborchuk]

Hi!

Have you tried create demo cluster inside docker container? I created docker, successfully configure && build but got error while executing create-demo-cluster:

Here is log of the initdb command:

Data page checksums are enabled.
Cluster file encryption is disabled.

creating directory /home/gpadmin/cloudberry/gpAux/gpdemo/datadirs/qddir/demoDataDir-1 ... ok
creating subdirectories ... ok
selecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posix
selecting default max_connections ... 150
selecting default shared_buffers ... 125MB
selecting default time zone ... Europe/London
creating configuration files ... ok
running bootstrap script ... LOG:  gp_role forced to 'utility' in single-user mode
ok
performing post-bootstrap initialization ... LOG:  gp_role forced to 'utility' in single-user mode
2026-02-05 15:22:11.067436 GMT,,,p32196,th876465728,,,,0,,,seg-10000,,,,,"LOG","00000","registered custom resource manager ""Pax resource manager"" with ID 199",,,,,,,,"RegisterCustomRmgr","rmgr.c",139,
initdb: error: error while reading cdb_init.d directory: Function not implemented
initdb: removing data directory "/home/gpadmin/cloudberry/gpAux/gpdemo/datadirs/qddir/demoDataDir-1"