diff --git a/src/core/p5.Graphics.js b/src/core/p5.Graphics.js
index 07ddb54301..9a28a1d560 100644
--- a/src/core/p5.Graphics.js
+++ b/src/core/p5.Graphics.js
@@ -380,6 +380,12 @@ p5.Graphics = class extends p5.Element {
  * </div>
  */
   remove() {
+    // Clean up WebGL resources if the renderer has a remove method
+    // (WebGL renderers need to free GPU resources like shaders and textures)
+    if (this._renderer && typeof this._renderer.remove === 'function') {
+      this._renderer.remove();
+    }
+
     if (this.elt.parentNode) {
       this.elt.parentNode.removeChild(this.elt);
     }
diff --git a/src/webgl/p5.RendererGL.js b/src/webgl/p5.RendererGL.js
index cac5528a62..27583e036a 100644
--- a/src/webgl/p5.RendererGL.js
+++ b/src/webgl/p5.RendererGL.js
@@ -680,6 +680,133 @@ p5.RendererGL = class RendererGL extends p5.Renderer {
     this.fontInfos = {};
 
     this._curShader = undefined;
+
+    // Register cleanup hook to free WebGL resources when sketch is removed
+    // Only register if this is the main p5 instance (not a p5.Graphics)
+    // For p5.Graphics, cleanup is called directly from p5.Graphics.remove()
+    const isPGraphics = this._pInst instanceof p5.Graphics;
+    if (!isPGraphics && this._pInst && typeof this._pInst.registerMethod === 'function') {
+      this._pInst.registerMethod('remove', this.remove.bind(this));
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Frees all WebGL resources (shaders, textures, buffers) associated with
+   * this renderer. Called automatically when the p5 instance is removed,
+   * or when a p5.Graphics object is removed.
+   *
+   * @method remove
+   * @private
+   */
+  remove() {
+    // Remove all cached shaders
+    const shadersToRemove = [
+      this._defaultLightShader,
+      this._defaultImmediateModeShader,
+      this._defaultNormalShader,
+      this._defaultColorShader,
+      this._defaultPointShader,
+      this.userFillShader,
+      this.userStrokeShader,
+      this.userPointShader,
+      this._curShader,
+      this.specularShader,
+      this.diffusedShader,
+      this.filterShader
+    ];
+
+    // Also add filter shaders
+    if (this.defaultFilterShaders) {
+      for (const key in this.defaultFilterShaders) {
+        shadersToRemove.push(this.defaultFilterShaders[key]);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Remove each shader
+    for (const shader of shadersToRemove) {
+      if (shader && typeof shader.remove === 'function') {
+        shader.remove();
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Remove all cached textures
+    if (this.textures) {
+      for (const texture of this.textures.values()) {
+        if (texture && typeof texture.remove === 'function') {
+          texture.remove();
+        }
+      }
+      this.textures.clear();
+    }
+
+    // Remove all framebuffers (they have their own remove() method)
+    if (this.framebuffers) {
+      for (const fb of this.framebuffers) {
+        if (fb && typeof fb.remove === 'function') {
+          fb.remove();
+        }
+      }
+      this.framebuffers.clear();
+    }
+
+    // Clean up diffused and specular texture caches (these store framebuffers)
+    if (this.diffusedTextures) {
+      for (const fb of this.diffusedTextures.values()) {
+        if (fb && typeof fb.remove === 'function') {
+          fb.remove();
+        }
+      }
+      this.diffusedTextures.clear();
+    }
+
+    if (this.specularTextures) {
+      for (const fb of this.specularTextures.values()) {
+        if (fb && typeof fb.remove === 'function') {
+          fb.remove();
+        }
+      }
+      this.specularTextures.clear();
+    }
+
+    // Remove empty texture singleton
+    if (this._emptyTexture) {
+      if (typeof this._emptyTexture.remove === 'function') {
+        this._emptyTexture.remove();
+      }
+      this._emptyTexture = null;
+    }
+
+    // Free all retained mode geometry buffers
+    if (this.retainedMode && this.retainedMode.geometry) {
+      for (const gId in this.retainedMode.geometry) {
+        this._freeBuffers(gId);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Clean up filter layers
+    if (this.filterLayer && typeof this.filterLayer.remove === 'function') {
+      this.filterLayer.remove();
+      this.filterLayer = undefined;
+    }
+    if (this.filterLayerTemp && typeof this.filterLayerTemp.remove === 'function') {
+      this.filterLayerTemp.remove();
+      this.filterLayerTemp = undefined;
+    }
+
+    // Clear shader references
+    this._defaultLightShader = undefined;
+    this._defaultImmediateModeShader = undefined;
+    this._defaultNormalShader = undefined;
+    this._defaultColorShader = undefined;
+    this._defaultPointShader = undefined;
+    this.userFillShader = undefined;
+    this.userStrokeShader = undefined;
+    this.userPointShader = undefined;
+    this._curShader = undefined;
+    this.specularShader = undefined;
+    this.diffusedShader = undefined;
+    this.filterShader = undefined;
+    this.defaultFilterShaders = {};
   }
 
   /**
diff --git a/src/webgl/p5.Shader.js b/src/webgl/p5.Shader.js
index a82f112361..7a5b38fe4e 100644
--- a/src/webgl/p5.Shader.js
+++ b/src/webgl/p5.Shader.js
@@ -1492,6 +1492,53 @@ p5.Shader = class {
       }
     }
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Frees the GPU resources associated with this shader.
+   *
+   * This method deletes the vertex shader, fragment shader, and shader program
+   * from GPU memory. Call this when you no longer need the shader to prevent
+   * memory leaks, especially when creating and destroying multiple p5 instances.
+   *
+   * @method remove
+   * @private
+   */
+  remove() {
+    if (this._glProgram === 0) {
+      return; // Already removed or never initialized
+    }
+
+    const gl = this._renderer.GL;
+
+    // Unbind if currently bound
+    if (this._bound) {
+      this.unbindShader();
+    }
+
+    // Detach shaders from program before deletion
+    if (this._vertShader !== -1) {
+      gl.detachShader(this._glProgram, this._vertShader);
+      gl.deleteShader(this._vertShader);
+      this._vertShader = -1;
+    }
+
+    if (this._fragShader !== -1) {
+      gl.detachShader(this._glProgram, this._fragShader);
+      gl.deleteShader(this._fragShader);
+      this._fragShader = -1;
+    }
+
+    // Delete the program
+    gl.deleteProgram(this._glProgram);
+    this._glProgram = 0;
+
+    // Clear cached data
+    this._loadedAttributes = false;
+    this._loadedUniforms = false;
+    this.attributes = {};
+    this.uniforms = {};
+    this.samplers = [];
+  }
 };
 
 export default p5.Shader;
diff --git a/src/webgl/p5.Texture.js b/src/webgl/p5.Texture.js
index 04b59b487d..f8fc5473aa 100644
--- a/src/webgl/p5.Texture.js
+++ b/src/webgl/p5.Texture.js
@@ -453,6 +453,26 @@ p5.Texture = class Texture {
     gl.texParameteri(gl.TEXTURE_2D, gl.TEXTURE_WRAP_T, this.glWrapT);
     this.unbindTexture();
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Frees the GPU resources associated with this texture.
+   *
+   * This method deletes the WebGL texture from GPU memory. Call this when
+   * you no longer need the texture to prevent memory leaks.
+   *
+   * @method remove
+   * @private
+   */
+  remove() {
+    // FramebufferTextures are managed by their parent Framebuffer
+    if (this.isFramebufferTexture || this.glTex === undefined) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const gl = this._renderer.GL;
+    gl.deleteTexture(this.glTex);
+    this.glTex = undefined;
+  }
 };
 
 export class MipmapTexture extends p5.Texture {