diff --git a/doc/changes/dev/13556.new.rst b/doc/changes/dev/13556.new.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e3a6f53cb1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/changes/dev/13556.new.rst
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Add ``on_drop_all`` parameter to :meth:`mne.Epochs.drop` to control behavior when all epochs are dropped.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/mne/epochs.py b/mne/epochs.py
index 4bd94ffa2c5..b143086a9a2 100644
--- a/mne/epochs.py
+++ b/mne/epochs.py
@@ -1515,7 +1515,7 @@ def plot_image(
         )
 
     @verbose
-    def drop(self, indices, reason="USER", verbose=None):
+    def drop(self, indices, reason="USER", verbose=None, on_drop_all="warn"):
         """Drop epochs based on indices or boolean mask.
 
         .. note:: The indices refer to the current set of undropped epochs
@@ -1569,6 +1569,18 @@ def drop(self, indices, reason="USER", verbose=None):
             ", ".join(map(str, np.sort(try_idx))),
         )
 
+        if len(self) == 0:
+            msg = "All epochs dropped"
+            if on_drop_all == "raise":
+                raise ValueError(msg)
+            elif on_drop_all == "warn":
+                warn(msg)
+            elif on_drop_all != "ignore":
+                raise ValueError(
+                    'on_drop_all must be "warn", "raise" or "ignore", '
+                    f"got {on_drop_all}"
+                )
+
         return self
 
     def _get_epoch_from_raw(self, idx, verbose=None):
diff --git a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
index 91c5f902ac8..5235b728d7e 100644
--- a/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
+++ b/mne/tests/test_epochs.py
@@ -5273,3 +5273,30 @@ def test_empty_error(method, epochs_empty):
         pytest.importorskip("pandas")
     with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="is empty."):
         getattr(epochs_empty.copy(), method[0])(**method[1])
+
+
+def test_drop_all_epochs():
+    """Test on_drop_all parameter in Epochs.drop."""
+    # Create tiny dummy data (3 epochs)
+    data = np.random.RandomState(0).randn(1, 1, 10)
+    info = create_info(["ch1"], 1000.0, "eeg")
+    epochs = EpochsArray(data, info)
+
+    # 1. Test 'warn' (default)
+    # We expect a warning when dropping all epochs
+    with pytest.warns(RuntimeWarning, match="All epochs dropped"):
+        epochs.copy().drop([0])
+
+    # 2. Test 'raise'
+    # We expect a ValueError when dropping all epochs
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="All epochs dropped"):
+        epochs.copy().drop([0], on_drop_all="raise")
+
+    # 3. Test 'ignore'
+    # Should run silently (no warning, no error)
+    epochs.copy().drop([0], on_drop_all="ignore")
+
+    # 4. Test Typo
+    # We expect a ValueError because 'wrn' is not valid
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="on_drop_all must be"):
+        epochs.copy().drop([0], on_drop_all="wrn")