From 379434abc35038bc5e839c2b6571a02b2fe130d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Guan-Ming (Wesley) Chiu"
 <105915352+guan404ming@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 6 Feb 2026 21:09:26 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] Add MSSQL THROW statement support

Signed-off-by: Guan-Ming (Wesley) Chiu <105915352+guan404ming@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 src/ast/mod.rs           | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/ast/spans.rs         |  1 +
 src/keywords.rs          |  1 +
 src/parser/mod.rs        | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/sqlparser_mssql.rs | 37 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 91 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/ast/mod.rs b/src/ast/mod.rs
index a59519695..7d572c241 100644
--- a/src/ast/mod.rs
+++ b/src/ast/mod.rs
@@ -4676,6 +4676,19 @@ pub enum Statement {
         /// Additional `WITH` options for RAISERROR.
         options: Vec<RaisErrorOption>,
     },
+    /// Throw (MSSQL)
+    /// ```sql
+    /// THROW [ error_number, message, state ]
+    /// ```
+    /// See <https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/language-elements/throw-transact-sql>
+    Throw {
+        /// Error number expression.
+        error_number: Option<Box<Expr>>,
+        /// Error message expression.
+        message: Option<Box<Expr>>,
+        /// State expression.
+        state: Option<Box<Expr>>,
+    },
     /// ```sql
     /// PRINT msg_str | @local_variable | string_expr
     /// ```
@@ -6120,6 +6133,19 @@ impl fmt::Display for Statement {
                 }
                 Ok(())
             }
+            Statement::Throw {
+                error_number,
+                message,
+                state,
+            } => {
+                write!(f, "THROW")?;
+                if let (Some(error_number), Some(message), Some(state)) =
+                    (error_number, message, state)
+                {
+                    write!(f, " {error_number}, {message}, {state}")?;
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            }
             Statement::Print(s) => write!(f, "{s}"),
             Statement::Return(r) => write!(f, "{r}"),
             Statement::List(command) => write!(f, "LIST {command}"),
diff --git a/src/ast/spans.rs b/src/ast/spans.rs
index 16a9a926f..a7ac7db59 100644
--- a/src/ast/spans.rs
+++ b/src/ast/spans.rs
@@ -481,6 +481,7 @@ impl Spanned for Statement {
             Statement::UNLISTEN { .. } => Span::empty(),
             Statement::RenameTable { .. } => Span::empty(),
             Statement::RaisError { .. } => Span::empty(),
+            Statement::Throw { .. } => Span::empty(),
             Statement::Print { .. } => Span::empty(),
             Statement::Return { .. } => Span::empty(),
             Statement::List(..) | Statement::Remove(..) => Span::empty(),
diff --git a/src/keywords.rs b/src/keywords.rs
index f84f4d213..7950b1918 100644
--- a/src/keywords.rs
+++ b/src/keywords.rs
@@ -1029,6 +1029,7 @@ define_keywords!(
     TEXT,
     TEXTFILE,
     THEN,
+    THROW,
     TIES,
     TIME,
     TIMEFORMAT,
diff --git a/src/parser/mod.rs b/src/parser/mod.rs
index 14ddd2b50..0a0a2b484 100644
--- a/src/parser/mod.rs
+++ b/src/parser/mod.rs
@@ -670,6 +670,7 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
                 Keyword::RELEASE => self.parse_release(),
                 Keyword::COMMIT => self.parse_commit(),
                 Keyword::RAISERROR => Ok(self.parse_raiserror()?),
+                Keyword::THROW => Ok(self.parse_throw()?),
                 Keyword::ROLLBACK => self.parse_rollback(),
                 Keyword::ASSERT => self.parse_assert(),
                 // `PREPARE`, `EXECUTE` and `DEALLOCATE` are Postgres-specific
@@ -18260,6 +18261,31 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Parse a MSSQL `THROW` statement
+    /// See <https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/language-elements/throw-transact-sql>
+    pub fn parse_throw(&mut self) -> Result<Statement, ParserError> {
+        // THROW with no arguments is a re-throw inside a CATCH block
+        if self.peek_token_ref().token == Token::SemiColon
+            || self.peek_token_ref().token == Token::EOF
+        {
+            return Ok(Statement::Throw {
+                error_number: None,
+                message: None,
+                state: None,
+            });
+        }
+        let error_number = Box::new(self.parse_expr()?);
+        self.expect_token(&Token::Comma)?;
+        let message = Box::new(self.parse_expr()?);
+        self.expect_token(&Token::Comma)?;
+        let state = Box::new(self.parse_expr()?);
+        Ok(Statement::Throw {
+            error_number: Some(error_number),
+            message: Some(message),
+            state: Some(state),
+        })
+    }
+
     /// Parse a SQL `DEALLOCATE` statement
     pub fn parse_deallocate(&mut self) -> Result<Statement, ParserError> {
         let prepare = self.parse_keyword(Keyword::PREPARE);
diff --git a/tests/sqlparser_mssql.rs b/tests/sqlparser_mssql.rs
index 84b8658b0..d577d8ab1 100644
--- a/tests/sqlparser_mssql.rs
+++ b/tests/sqlparser_mssql.rs
@@ -1665,6 +1665,43 @@ fn test_parse_raiserror() {
     let _ = ms().verified_stmt(sql);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_parse_throw() {
+    // THROW with arguments
+    let sql = r#"THROW 51000, 'Record does not exist.', 1"#;
+    let s = ms().verified_stmt(sql);
+    assert_eq!(
+        s,
+        Statement::Throw {
+            error_number: Some(Box::new(Expr::Value(
+                (Value::Number("51000".parse().unwrap(), false)).with_empty_span()
+            ))),
+            message: Some(Box::new(Expr::Value(
+                (Value::SingleQuotedString("Record does not exist.".to_string())).with_empty_span()
+            ))),
+            state: Some(Box::new(Expr::Value(
+                (Value::Number("1".parse().unwrap(), false)).with_empty_span()
+            ))),
+        }
+    );
+
+    // THROW with variable references
+    let sql = r#"THROW @ErrorNumber, @ErrorMessage, @ErrorState"#;
+    let _ = ms().verified_stmt(sql);
+
+    // Re-throw (no arguments)
+    let sql = r#"THROW"#;
+    let s = ms().verified_stmt(sql);
+    assert_eq!(
+        s,
+        Statement::Throw {
+            error_number: None,
+            message: None,
+            state: None,
+        }
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn parse_use() {
     let valid_object_names = [